Which Animals Give Birth to Babies Like Humans

Process of bearing offspring

This article is almost nascency in mammals and other animals. For birth in humans, meet Childbirth. For other uses, run across Nativity (disambiguation).

Lambing: the mother licks the starting time lamb while giving birth to the 2nd

Birth is the human action or process of begetting or bringing along offspring,^[one] too referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental phase when it is gear up to feed and breathe.

In some species the offspring is precocial and can motion effectually almost immediately after birth but in others information technology is altricial and completely dependent on parenting.

In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage afterward a brusque gestational period and develops farther in its female parent'southward womb's pouch.

It is not only mammals that requite nativity. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates acquit their developing young inside them. Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother'due south body, and others are viviparous, with the embryo developing within her trunk, as in the case of mammals.

Mammals [edit]

Big mammals, such every bit primates, cattle, horses, some antelopes, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, elephants, seals, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, by and large are significant with ane offspring at a time, although they may have twin or multiple births on occasion.

In these big animals, the nascency process is similar to that of a human, though in about the offspring is precocial. This means that it is built-in in a more advanced state than a human being baby and is able to stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of an aquatic mammal) before long after birth.^[two]

In the case of whales, dolphins and porpoises, the single dogie is commonly born tail showtime which minimizes the risk of drowning.^[3] The mother encourages the newborn calf to rise to the surface of the water to exhale.^[4]

Nearly smaller mammals have multiple births, producing litters of young which may number twelve or more. In these animals, each fetus is surrounded by its own amniotic sac and has a separate placenta. This separates from the wall of the uterus during labor and the fetus works its mode towards the nascence canal.^{[ citation needed ]}

Large mammals which give birth to twins is much more rare, but information technology does occur occasionally even for mammals as large as elephants. In Apr 2018, approximately 8-calendar month sometime elephant twins were sighted joining their mother's herd in the Tarangire National Park of Tanzania, estimated to have been born in August 2017.^[5]

Homo childbirth [edit]

Humans usually produce a unmarried offspring at a time. The mother's body is prepared for nascence by hormones produced by the pituitary gland, the ovary and the placenta.^[2] The total gestation period from fertilization to birth is normally about 38 weeks (birth usually occurring 40 weeks subsequently the terminal menstrual period). The normal process of childbirth takes several hours and has three stages. The first stage starts with a series of involuntary contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus and gradual dilation of the cervix. The active phase of the first stage starts when the cervix is dilated more than than nigh four cm in diameter and is when the contractions become stronger and regular. The head (or the buttocks in a breech birth) of the baby is pushed against the cervix, which gradually dilates until is fully dilated at 10 cm diameter. At some fourth dimension, the amniotic sac bursts and the amniotic fluid escapes (also known every bit rupture of membranes or breaking the h2o).^{[half dozen]} In phase ii, starting when the cervix is fully dilated, strong contractions of the uterus and active pushing by the female parent expels the babe out through the vagina, which during this stage of labour is chosen a birth canal as this passage contains a baby, and the infant is born with umbilical cord attached.^[7] In stage 3, which begins after the nascency of the baby, further contractions expel the placenta, amniotic sac, and the remaining portion of the umbilical cord usually inside a few minutes.^[8]

Enormous changes have place in the newborn's apportionment to enable breathing in air. In the uterus, the unborn baby is dependent on apportionment of claret through the placenta for sustenance including gaseous exchange and the unborn baby's claret bypasses the lungs by flowing through the foramen ovale, which is a hole in the septum dividing the correct atrium and left atrium. After nascence the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, the infant starts to breathe air, and blood from the right ventricle starts to flow to the lungs for gaseous exchange and oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, which is pumped into the left ventricle, and then pumped into the main arterial organization. As a upshot of these changes, the blood force per unit area in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the correct atrium, and this pressure difference forces the foramen ovale to shut separating the left and right sides of the heart. The umbilical vein, umbilical arteries, ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus are non needed for life in air and in fourth dimension these vessels become ligaments (embryonic remnants).^[9]

Cattle [edit]

Birthing in cattle is typical of a larger mammal. A moo-cow goes through iii stages of labor during normal commitment of a calf. During stage one, the animal seeks a repose place away from the residual of the herd. Hormone changes cause soft tissues of the birth canal to relax equally the mother's body prepares for birth. The contractions of the uterus are not obvious externally, just the moo-cow may be restless. She may announced agitated, alternating between standing and lying down, with her tail slightly raised and her back biconvex. The fetus is pushed toward the birth canal by each contraction and the cow's cervix gradually begins to dilate. Phase 1 may last several hours, and ends when the cervix is fully dilated. Stage two can exist seen to be underway when at that place is external protrusion of the amniotic sac through the vulva, closely followed by the appearance of the dogie's front hooves and caput in a front presentation (or occasionally the calf's tail and rear end in a posterior presentation).^[10] During the second phase, the cow will normally lie down on her side to push and the calf progresses through the nativity canal. The complete delivery of the calf (or calves in a multiple nascence) signifies the end of stage 2. The cow scrambles to her anxiety (if lying downward at this stage), turns round and starts vigorously licking the calf. The calf takes its first few breaths and within minutes is struggling to ascent to its feet. The third and final phase of labor is the delivery of the placenta, which is usually expelled within a few hours and is often eaten past the ordinarily herbivorous cow.^{[10] [xi]}

Dogs [edit]

Birth is termed whelping in dogs.^[12] Among dogs, as whelping approaches, contractions become more frequent. Labour in the bitch tin can be divided into 3 stages. The first stage is when the neck dilates, this causes discomfort and restlessness in the bitch. Common signs of this phase are panting, fasting, and/or airsickness. This may last upward to 12hrs.^[12] Stage two is the passage of the offspring.^[12] The amniotic sac looking like a glistening grey airship, with a puppy inside, is propelled through the vulva. After further contractions, the sac is expelled and the bitch breaks the membranes releasing clear fluid and exposing the puppy. The mother chews at the umbilical string and licks the puppy vigorously, which stimulates it to breathe. If the puppy has not taken its offset breath within about six minutes, it is probable to die. Further puppies follow in a similar style ane by one commonly with less straining than the first commonly at 15-60min intervals. If a pup has not been passed in 2 hrs a veterinarian should be contacted.^[12] Stage three is the passing of the placentas. This often occurs in conjunction with phase two with the passing of each offspring.^[12] The mother will and then usually eat the afterbirth.^[thirteen] This is an adaption to keep the den clean and forestall its detection by predators.^[12]

Marsupials [edit]

A kangaroo joey firmly fastened to a nipple inside the pouch

An infant marsupial is born in a very immature state.^[14] The gestation catamenia is usually shorter than the intervals between estrus periods. The beginning sign that a birth is imminent is the mother cleaning out her pouch. When it is born, the infant is pink, bullheaded, furless and a few centimetres long. It has nostrils in society to exhale and forelegs to cling onto its mother's hairs only its hind legs are undeveloped. It crawls through its mother'due south fur and makes its style into the pouch. Here it fixes onto a teat which swells within its mouth. It stays fastened to the teat for several months until information technology is sufficiently developed to emerge.^[15] Joeys are born with "oral shields"; in species without pouches or with rudimentary pouches these are more than developed than in forms with well-developed pouches, implying a role in maintaining the young attached to the mother'south nipple.^[16]

Other animals [edit]

A Cladocera giving birth (100x magnification)

Many reptiles and the vast majority of invertebrates, most fish, amphibians and all birds are oviparous, that is, they lay eggs with lilliputian or no embryonic development taking place within the mother. In aquatic organisms, fertilization is nearly always external with sperm and eggs being liberated into the water (an exception is sharks and rays, which have internal fertilization^[17]). Millions of eggs may be produced with no further parental involvement, in the expectation that a small number may survive to become mature individuals. Terrestrial invertebrates may as well produce large numbers of eggs, a few of which may avoid predation and carry on the species. Some fish, reptiles, and amphibians have adopted a different strategy and invest their effort in producing a small number of immature at a more avant-garde stage which are more likely to survive to adulthood. Birds care for their immature in the nest and provide for their needs after hatching and information technology is perhaps unsurprising that internal evolution does non occur in birds, given their need to fly.^[18]

Ovoviviparity is a fashion of reproduction in which embryos develop inside eggs that remain in the mother'south body until they are gear up to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that at that place is internal fertilization and the young are built-in in an advanced state, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn immature are nourished by egg yolk. The mother's trunk provides gas exchange (respiration), simply that is largely necessary for oviparous animals too.^[eighteen] In many sharks the eggs hatch in the oviduct within the mother's body and the embryos are nourished by the egg's yolk and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct.^[xix] The Lamniforme sharks practice oophagy, where the first embryos to hatch consume the remaining eggs and sand tiger shark pups cannibalistically eat neighbouring embryos. The requiem sharks maintain a placental link to the developing young, this do is known as viviparity. This is more than analogous to mammalian gestation than to that of other fishes. In all these cases, the young are born live and fully functional.^[20] The majority of caecilians are ovoviviparous and requite nativity to already developed offspring. When the young take finished their yolk sacs they feed on nutrients secreted by cells lining the oviduct and even the cells themselves which they swallow with specialist scraping teeth.^[21] The Alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) and several species of Tanzanian toad in the genus Nectophrynoides are ovoviviparous, developing through the larval stage inside the mother'south oviduct and eventually emerging as fully formed juveniles.^[22]

A more than developed form of viviparity called placental viviparity is adopted by some species of scorpions^[23] and cockroaches,^[24] certain genera of sharks, snakes and velvet worms. In these, the developing embryo is nourished by some grade of placental construction. The earliest known placenta was establish recently in a group of extinct fishes called placoderms. A fossil from Australia's Gogo Formation, laid down in the Devonian catamenia, 380 one thousand thousand years ago, was found with an embryo within it connected by an umbilical cord to a yolk sac. The observe confirmed the hypothesis that a sub-grouping of placoderms, called ptyctodontids, fertilized their eggs internally. Some fishes that fertilize their eggs internally also give birth to live young, as seen here. This discovery moved our knowledge of alive birth back 200 one thousand thousand years.^[25] The fossil of some other genus was found with 3 embryos in the aforementioned position.^[26] Placoderms are a sister group of the ancestor of all living jawed fishes (Gnathostomata), including both chondrichthyians, the sharks & rays, and Osteichthyes, the bony fishes.

Among lizards, the viviparous cadger Zootoca vivipara, dull worms and many species of skink are viviparous, giving birth to live immature. Some are ovoviviparous but others such equally members of the genera Tiliqua and Corucia, give birth to live immature that develop internally, deriving their nourishment from a mammal-similar placenta attached to the within of the female parent'southward uterus. In a recently described example, an African species, Trachylepis ivensi, has developed a purely reptilian placenta directly comparable in structure and function to a mammalian placenta.^[27] Vivipary is rare in snakes, only boas and vipers are viviparous, giving birth to live immature.

Female aphid giving nativity

The majority of insects lay eggs simply a very few requite birth to offspring that are miniature versions of the adult.^[18] The aphid has a circuitous life wheel and during the summer months is able to multiply with swell rapidity. Its reproduction is typically parthenogenetic and viviparous and females produce unfertilized eggs which they retain within their bodies.^[28] The embryos develop inside their mothers' ovarioles and the offspring are clones of their mothers. Female nymphs are born which grow rapidly and soon produce more female offspring themselves.^[29] In some instances, the newborn nymphs already have developing embryos inside them.^[18]

See also [edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Birth

• Brute sexual behaviour
• Convenance season
• Caesarean section
• Dystocia
• Episiotomy
• Foaling (horses)
• Forceps delivery
• Kegel exercises
• Mating system
• Odon device
• Perineal massage
• Reproduction
• Reproductive arrangement
• Ventouse
• Birth spacing

References [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b} Dorit, R. Fifty.; Walker, Westward. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 526–527. ISBN978-0-03-030504-7.
3. ^ Marker Simmonds, Whales and Dolphins of the Earth, New Holland Publishers (2007), Ch. 1, p. 32 ISBN 1845378202.
4. ^ Crockett, Gary (2011). "Humpback Whale Calves". Humpback whales Australia. Archived from the original on 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2013-08-28 .
5. ^ "Trunk Twins : Elephant Twins Born in Tarangire | Asilia Africa". Asilia Africa. 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-06 .
6. ^ Dainty (2007). Department 1.6, Normal labour: showtime phase
7. ^ Overnice (2007). Department ane.7, Normal labour: 2nd phase
8. ^ NICE (2007). Department ane.eight, Normal labour: 3rd stage
9. ^ Houston, Rob (editor); Lea, Maxine (art editor) (2007). The Human being Torso Book. Dorling Kindersley. p. 215. ISBN978-ane-8561-3007-three.
10. ^ ^{a b} "Calving". Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development. 2000-02-01. Retrieved 2013-08-28 .
11. ^ "Calving Management in Dairy Herds: Timing of Intervention and Stillbirth" (PDF). The Ohio State Academy College of Veterinary Medicine Extension. 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-17 .
12. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Kustritz, M. (2005). "Reproductive behaviour of pocket-sized animals". Theriogenology. 64 (three): 734–746. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.022. PMID 15946732.
13. ^ Dunn, T.J. "Whelping: New Puppies On The Way!". Puppy Center. Pet MD. Retrieved 2013-08-28 .
14. ^ Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-33792-two.
15. ^ "Reproduction and development". Thylacine Museum. Retrieved 2013-08-28 .
16. ^ Yvette Schneider Nanette (Aug 2011). "The evolution of the olfactory organs in newly hatched monotremes and neonate marsupials". J. Anat. 219 (2): 229–242. doi:x.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01393.x. PMC3162242. PMID 21592102.
17. ^ Sea Earth, Sharks & Rays Archived 2013-11-x at the Wayback Auto; accessed 2013.09.09.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Attenborough, David (1990). The Trials of Life. pp. 26–30. ISBN9780002199124.
19. ^ Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (January 2018). "Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs". Biological Conservation. 217: 11–27. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.ten.010. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-06-xxx .
20. ^ "Birth and care of young". Animals: Sharks and rays. Busch Entertainment Corporation. Archived from the original on Baronial 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-28 .
21. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton Academy Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN978-0-691-03281-viii.
22. ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan Due west. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. p. 204. ISBN978-0-691-03281-8.
23. ^ Capinera, John L., Encyclopedia of entomology. Springer Reference, 2008, p. 3311.
24. ^ Costa, James T., The Other Insect Societies. Belknap Press, 2006, p. 151.
25. ^ Dennis, Carina (2008-05-28). "Nature News: The oldest pregnant mum: Devonian fossilized fish contains an embryo". Nature. 453 (7195): 575. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..575D. doi:10.1038/453575a. PMID 18509405.
26. ^ Long, John A.; Trinastic, Kate; Young, Gavin C.; Senden, Tim (2008-05-28). "Live nativity in the Devonian flow". Nature. 453 (7195): 650–652. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..650L. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443. S2CID 205213348.
27. ^ Blackburn DG, Flemming AF (2012). "Invasive implantation and intimate placental associations in a placentotrophic African lizard, Trachylepis ivensi (scincidae)". J. Morphol. 273 (two): 137–59. doi:10.1002/jmor.11011. PMID 21956253. S2CID 5191828.
28. ^ Blackman, Roger 50 (1979). "Stability and variation in aphid clonal lineages". Biological Journal of the Linnean Social club. 11 (3): 259–277. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00038.x. ISSN 1095-8312.
29. ^ Conrad, Jim (2011-12-10). "The aphid life cycle". The Backyard Nature Website. Retrieved 2013-08-31 .

Cited texts [edit]

• "Intrapartum care: Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth". NICE. September 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26.

Which Animals Give Birth to Babies Like Humans

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth

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