Culture Plays a Major Role in Philadelphia Theatre Music and the Visual Arts Are Well Represented

Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such as painting, cartoon, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and compages. Many artistic disciplines such equally performing arts, conceptual art, and textile arts likewise involve aspects of visual arts likewise as arts of other types. As well included within the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts^[ii] such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion pattern, interior design and decorative art.^[iii]

Electric current usage of the term "visual arts" includes art as well as the applied or decorative craft, merely this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such every bit painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized past artists of the Craft Movement, who valued colloquial fine art forms every bit much as high forms.^[iv] Art schools made a distinction betwixt the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a bottom degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art besides as Due east Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist, and the furthest removed from transmission labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected like attitudes.

Educational activity and preparation [edit]

Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance motion to increase the prestige of the artist led to the university system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in arts railroad train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an constituent subject in most didactics systems.^{[5] [6]}

Drawing [edit]

Cartoon is a means of making an image, illustration or graphic using whatever of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying force per unit area from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface using dry out media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The principal techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Cartoon and painting goes back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art showtime between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of mitt stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are found in areas such equally Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the seventh century BC.^[8]

With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, cartoon was adopted past masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an fine art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the do of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding amanuensis (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense information technology ways the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition, or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is likewise used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the human body itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed past some to be 32,000 years quondam, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, chocolate-brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of man figures tin be establish in the tombs of ancient Arab republic of egypt. In the great temple of Ramses 2, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted beingness led by Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their piece of work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Some other example is mosaic of the Boxing of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the fourth century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced past monks during the Heart Ages, the next significant contribution to European art was from Italy's renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the starting time of the 16th century, this was the richest catamenia in Italian fine art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D infinite.^[xiii]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced past the Italian school. January van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from holland and Hans Holbein the Younger from Federal republic of germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to attain depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the groovy Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was peculiarly remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Bizarre started after the Renaissance, from the tardily 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Bizarre included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and besides painted a serial for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was considering of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Bizarre is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[14]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, oft choosing to pigment realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They accomplished intense colour vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art every bit a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attending to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists eye.^{[xv] [16]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the end of the 19th century, several immature painters took impressionism a phase further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the due south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his almost famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal feet of mod man. Partly as a upshot of Munch'due south influence, the German expressionist move originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are cleaved up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the mode had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[18]

Printmaking [edit]

Ancient Chinese engraving of female instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a 2-dimensional (apartment) surface by ways of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype, the same matrix tin can be used to produce many examples of the print.

Historically, the major techniques (as well called media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) only there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Commonly, the print is printed on paper, merely other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known every bit one-time master prints. In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut, was used for chief prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the stop of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leafage woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In Prc, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago equally illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on newspaper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and creative engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Japan 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock printing in Nippon (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; still, information technology was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the aforementioned period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, only was only widely adopted in Nippon during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a broad range of vivid color, glazes and colour transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures past means of the activeness of lite. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage flake through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("low-cal"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together significant "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people likewise call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric optics.)

Architecture [edit]

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are oft perceived every bit cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are frequently identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The primeval surviving written piece of work on the subject of compages is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a proficient building should satisfy the iii principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would exist:

1. Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in adept condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
3. Dazzler – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Edifice first evolved out of the dynamics betwixt needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and bellboy skills). As man cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, edifice became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a motility-movie, from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music piece of work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes besides.

Estimator art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer express to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D press). Calculator fine art is any in which computers played a office in product or display. Such fine art can be an image, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are at present integrating digital technologies and, as a outcome, the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers accept been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. Every bit a upshot, defining computer fine art by its stop product tin be hard. Nevertheless, this type of fine art is beginning to appear in fine art museum exhibits, though it has however to testify its legitimacy equally a form unto itself and this engineering science is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool rather than a form equally with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social bear on, equally an object of inquiry.

Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photo editors, 3-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled epitome developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may exist reckoner-aided or utilise reckoner-generated imagery as a template. Reckoner prune fine art usage has also fabricated the clear distinction between visual arts and folio layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has as well been practical to all the visual (not-literary, not-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that can be carved or shaped, such equally stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This utilise of the term "plastic" in the arts should non be confused with Piet Mondrian'south apply, nor with the move he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic fabric, sound, or text and or light, usually rock (either rock or marble), dirt, metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, congenital together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may exist referred to every bit a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by manus. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to fine art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce information technology. This allows sculptors to create larger and more circuitous sculptures out of cloth like cement, metal and plastic, that they would non exist able to create by hand. Sculptures can likewise be fabricated with 3-d printing technology.

Us copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the United States, the constabulary protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art".^[25]

A "piece of work of visual art" is —
(1) a painting, cartoon, print or sculpture, existing in a unmarried re-create, in a express edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered past the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the writer and bear the signature or other identifying marking of the author; or
(ii) a yet photographic epitome produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in a single re-create that is signed by the author, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered past the author.

A work of visual art does not include —
(A)(i) any affiche, map, globe, chart, technical cartoon, diagram, model, applied art, motion picture or other audiovisual piece of work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, information base, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (ii) any merchandising item or advertising, promotional, descriptive, roofing, or packaging material or container;
  (three) whatsoever portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
(B) any work made for hire; or
(C) any piece of work not subject to copyright protection nether this championship.

Run into too [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing creative piece of work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Found object
• Graffiti
• History of fine art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Mural art
• Mathematics and fine art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process fine art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (cartoon)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video fine art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual damage in art
• Visual verse

References [edit]

1. ^ An Well-nigh.com article by art proficient, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Art?
2. ^ Different Forms of Art – Applied Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved xi December 2010.
3. ^ "Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Art History: Arts and Crafts Motion: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived thirteen Oct 2009 at the Portuguese Spider web Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (i March 2016). "The creative preparation in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Inventiveness. nineteen: 73–87. doi:ten.1016/j.tsc.2015.x.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and design".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ History of Drawing. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
9. ^ "Cartoon". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on xiv March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History Globe. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
12. ^ "Fine art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From Fine art 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 October 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Mod Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 Oct 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Artifact 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur Thousand. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Auto
25. ^ "Copyright Constabulary of the United States of America – Chapter 1 (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Art in Painting, 3rd ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. 4. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, Thousand. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. north.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. fourth ed. Dominican Republic s.n.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, Westward. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. V. (1976). The linguistic communication of motility: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. n.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: n.p.
• University of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual fine art terms.
• Calendar for Artists – calendar listing of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts

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